Chronic hepatitis B
4Zadaxin has an Indonesian product label for selected adults with compensated disease. This is jurisdiction- and product-specific.
What does it do?
Thymalfasin is an immunomodulatory peptide with indication-specific human research; orphan designation is not FDA approval.
Approved & studied uses
A large trial tested an adjunct to hospital care, without improved 28-day survival.
Community uses Reported, unvalidated
Immune
33Immune deficiency, vaccines, HIV and infection support.
Inflammation / recovery
33Cytokine, postoperative and stress/exercise-related claims.
Aging / cellular
33Immune senescence, thymic, antioxidant and mitochondrial research; nasal efficacy uncertain.
Reasons people report using it; these do not establish benefit.33
Evidence limits
View research →Which defined patient groups, if any, reliably benefit in sepsis.12
10 distinct primary sources or abstracts checked. Evidence may concern a parent compound, individual blend ingredient, animal, or cell model; it does not necessarily establish a benefit for this exact product.
Evidence definitions →Key safety information
All risks →Reported reactions
The label lists local discomfort, erythema, rash and occasional joint symptoms.4
Not FDA-approved in the U.S.; international medicinal use is jurisdiction- and indication-specific.
Molecular information
Amino-acid sequence
- Ser
- Asp
- Ala
- Ala
- Val
- Asp
- Thr
- Ser
- Ser
- Glu
- Ile
- Thr
- Thr
- Lys
- Asp
- Leu
- Lys
- Glu
- Lys
- Lys
- Glu
- Val
- Val
- Glu
- Glu
- Ala
- Glu
- Asn
28 residues · N → C11
Length28 amino acids
Molecular weight · Da3,108.3 Da
Formula, sequence notation & identity
Molecular formulaC129H215N33O5511
S–D–A–A–V–D–T–S–S–E–I–T–T–K–D–L–K–E–K–K–E–V–V–E–E–A–E–NN-terminal acetylation.
Ac-SDAAVDTSSEITTKDLKEKKEVVEEAEN-OH (thymalfasin)
N-terminal acetylation is part of this identity; not thymosin β4 or an undefined thymus extract.
Pep-Pedia identity details
28 amino acids · 3,108 Da
Ac-Ser-Asp-Ala-Ala-Val-Asp-Thr-Ser-Ser-Glu-Ile-Thr-Thr-Lys-Asp-Leu-Lys-Glu-Lys-Lys-Glu-Val-Val-Glu-Glu-Ala-Glu-Asn-OHReference description; checked chemical identity above takes precedence when available.33
Pharmacokinetics
How long does it stay in the body?
Human data
50%of reference level
Illustrative model using reported human data.
About 3% remaining after 10 h
Five half-lives in this simplified model. This is not a prediction of when effects stop.
Evidence and model details
The Zadaxin label reports approximately two hours after subcutaneous administration. A nine-volunteer crossover study reported elimination below three hours and formulation-dependent exposure. These estimates do not validate research-vial equivalence.
Population: Adult volunteers; labeled pharmaceutical formulation
100 × 2−time / half-life. Time zero is a reference level, not the moment of administration. Absorption, repeated dosing, metabolites and clinical effects are not modeled. Five half-lives leaves 3.125%, not zero. This curve cannot determine a dosing interval.
Unverified reference estimateNot independently confirmed
Reference half-life2 hours32
Route / formulationSource page: Injectable. Exact PK route not verified.
This value is reported by a secondary reference. The stated attribution has not been independently verified as a route- and formulation-matched human PK measurement.
50%of reference level
Illustrative scenario using an unverified reference estimate.
About 3% remaining after 10 h
Five half-lives in this estimated model. This is not a prediction of when effects stop.
Evidence and model details
Population: Not established by the reference estimate
Source’s stated attribution: Zadaxin prescribing information
Source’s reported peak time: 2 hrs. This has not been independently confirmed and is not used in the elimination curve.
100 × 2−time / half-life. Time zero is a reference level, not the moment of administration. Absorption, repeated dosing, metabolites and clinical effects are not modeled. Five half-lives leaves 3.125%, not zero. This curve cannot determine a dosing interval.
What to expect
Study outcomes
No survival improvement in TESTS
28-day mortality was 23.4% versus 24.1%; corrected hazard ratio 0.97 (95% CI 0.76–1.24).12
Reported timelines
Reference & communitySource expectations
Immune markers 1–2 weeks, further changes 2–6, peak claims 6–12+. No universal infection-prevention timeline.33
These are reported timelines, not a prediction of your response.
Community poll 10 topics · Pep-Pedia snapshot
Voluntary, unverified reports. These percentages do not measure effectiveness or safety.
Experience
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Duration of use
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Age range
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Gender
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Primary goal
The source hides 14 additional categories. Their labels and percentages are unavailable.
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Effectiveness
The source hides 5 additional categories. Their labels and percentages are unavailable.
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Side effects
The source hides 10 additional categories. Their labels and percentages are unavailable.
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Dosage frequency
The source hides 5 additional categories. Their labels and percentages are unavailable.
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Would recommend
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
How discovered
The source hides 3 additional categories. Their labels and percentages are unavailable.
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Source & limitations
The source displays “570 responses” for this profile. This is not a confirmed participant count or a denominator for individual questions.
- Voluntary self-reports from Pep-Pedia visitors; identity, treatment, outcomes and timing are unverified. These data are not efficacy or safety estimates.
- The source displays a profile-wide response label, not a confirmed unique participant count. It stays unchanged across questions. Question-specific denominators and absolute option counts are not exposed.
- Only the top five categories are displayed for some questions. Extra categories are retained as an undisplayed-category count; their labels and percentages are unavailable.
- Displayed percentages are rounded. They may not total 100%, especially where categories are hidden.
- This is a dated snapshot, not a live survey or current recommendation.
Protocols
Doses & schedules
Compare purpose, amount, route, frequency, and duration.
Source corrections
Source safety percentages and nasal absorption estimates are not universal guarantees.
Route
Scroll to compare all columns →
| Route | Dose | Frequency | Goal / evidence | Duration | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SubQSubcutaneous | 1.6 mg | Twice weekly, separated by 3–4 days | Chronic hepatitis BProduct label | Six months (52 doses) | 4 |
Population Adults ≥18 with compensated liver disease and detectable HBV DNA Context Indonesian Zadaxin label; not a US approval or general immune-support protocol. Jurisdiction Indonesia | |||||
| SubQSubcutaneous | 1.6 mg | Every 12 hours | Adjunctive sepsis treatmentHuman study | Seven days, with stopping rules | 12 |
Population Hospitalized adults; TESTS phase 3 trial Context Usual hospital care continued; no significant mortality benefit. | |||||
| SubQSubcutaneous | 1.6 mg | Every 12 hours for 7 days, then once daily for 7 days | Prevention of infected pancreatic necrosisHuman study | 14 days | 8 |
Population 508 hospitalized adults with predicted severe acute necrotising pancreatitis Context Placebo-controlled trial with a negative primary result; not a general immune-support regimen. | |||||
| SubQ | 1.6 mg | 2x weekly | Standard immune supportReference report | 6 months standard | 33 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source safety percentages and nasal absorption estimates are not universal guarantees. Source tabs Injectable | |||||
| SubQSubcutaneous | 1.6 mg | 2x daily × 5 days, then daily | Acute conditions (sepsis)Reference report | 6 months standard | 33 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source safety percentages and nasal absorption estimates are not universal guarantees. Source route wording SubQ or IM Source tabs Injectable | |||||
| IMIntramuscular | 1.6 mg | 2x daily × 5 days, then daily | Acute conditions (sepsis)Reference report | 6 months standard | 33 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source safety percentages and nasal absorption estimates are not universal guarantees. Source route wording SubQ or IM Source tabs Injectable | |||||
| SubQ | 1.6 mg | 2x weekly | Cancer/hepatitis supportReference report | 6 months standard | 33 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source safety percentages and nasal absorption estimates are not universal guarantees. Source tabs Injectable | |||||
| SubQ | 1.6 mg | 2x weekly | Maintenance/preventionReference report | 6 months standard | 33 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source safety percentages and nasal absorption estimates are not universal guarantees. Source tabs Injectable | |||||
| IntranasalNasal spray | 500 mcg per nostril | 2x daily | General immune supportReference report | 3-6 months | 33 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source safety percentages and nasal absorption estimates are not universal guarantees. Source tabs Nasal | |||||
| IntranasalNasal spray | 1000 mcg per nostril | 2x daily | Enhanced immune supportReference report | 3-6 months | 33 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source safety percentages and nasal absorption estimates are not universal guarantees. Source tabs Nasal | |||||
| IntranasalNasal spray | 500 mcg per nostril | 1x daily | Maintenance supportReference report | 3-6 months | 33 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source safety percentages and nasal absorption estimates are not universal guarantees. Source tabs Nasal | |||||
| IntranasalNasal spray | 1000 mcg per nostril | 3x daily | Acute immune supportReference report | 3-6 months | 33 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source safety percentages and nasal absorption estimates are not universal guarantees. Source tabs Nasal | |||||
No protocols match these filters.
Study and label doses retain their study context. Reference reports are unvalidated practices, not personal treatment instructions. Ranges remain ranges; escalation stages are labeled.
Reported use periods and breaks. These do not establish a safe cycle or prove that breaks prevent tolerance.
Injectable
- Use period
- 6 months standard
- Break
- As directed by physician
Reported timing
Any time, consistent schedule
Nasal
- Use period
- 3-6 months
- Break
- 1-2 months
Reported timing
Morning and/or evening
Side effects & safety
Reported reactions
The label lists local discomfort, erythema, rash and occasional joint symptoms.
4Special-population uncertainty
Pregnancy, nursing and pediatric safety are not established.
4Compounded-product uncertainty
FDA flags immune and impurity-related concerns for compounded TA1.
3No mortality advantage
The sepsis trial did not establish clinical benefit despite laboratory immune effects.
12Transplant
Source flags graft/immune risks with immunosuppression; specialist assessment essential.
Other
Local/nasal reactions, hypersensitivity and pregnancy/breastfeeding uncertainty.
Stop symptoms
Allergy, unusual immune activation, graft symptoms, persistent infection, nasal bleeding/discharge or breathing difficulty.
Not a complete safety screen. Discuss health decisions with a qualified clinician.
Combinations & interactions
7 entriesCheck cautions and reported pairings. A compatibility claim does not establish that a combination is safe.
Immunosuppressants
Avoidance reportedSource transplant warning.33
Reference report · Evidence context: ContraindicatedCorticosteroids
Caution reportedPotential immune antagonism.33
Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: Monitor CombinationIntentional immunosuppression / transplantation
Label warningZadaxin is contraindicated unless anticipated benefit outweighs risk.4
Research contextOther immune-modulating drugs
Label warningInteractions are incompletely evaluated; the label calls for caution.4
Research contextInterferon-alpha
Unverified pairingAntiviral pairing; fever/fatigue/neutropenia.33
Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: SynergisticVaccines
Unverified pairingAdjuvant research, not universal benefit.33
Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: CompatibleChemotherapy
Unverified pairingRequires oncology assessment.33
Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: CompatibleNo matching interactions. Try another name or filter.
Reconstitution calculator
Enter your peptide amount and container size. Get a volume and a simple measurement scale.
Suggested final volume mL
Estimated water to add≈ mL
For dry powder, assuming negligible volume displacement. Use bacteriostatic water only if the formulation specifies it.
1 pen unit (one dial step)=
Amounts below are total blend mass. Ingredient amounts are listed separately.
| Pen units | Amount | Volume |
|---|
Ingredients per unit
Other simple scales
Convert a specific amount
Enter an amount to calculate its volume and device setting.
Calculation & assumptions
The suggestion favors a simple 1, 2, or 5 × power-of-ten amount per unit, then the largest final volume that fits. It does not choose a dose or a biologically suitable concentration.
The water estimate applies only to dry powder and assumes negligible powder displacement. Final solution volume, specified diluent, solubility, stability, sterility, cartridge compatibility, and working fill limits must be established separately. No allowance is made for priming or transfer losses.
V2 measurement specification ↗Bacteriostatic water: formulation instructions ↗Reconstitution
Applies to the BPOM-listed 1.6 mg Zadaxin product.410
Supplied diluent
1.0 mL supplied sterile water for injection; use immediately. Do not mix with other drugs.4
Research-vial gap
This label cannot establish preparation of unrelated 5 mg or 10 mg research powders.10
Reference preparation details
Reported handling information, not a validated formulation or instruction to prepare an injectable product.
Injectable
The source-specific steps use sterile water.
- Solvents mentioned
- Sterile water
- Reported parameters
- Reported example: 1 mL at 1.6 mg/mL. · The source says prompt use or up to 7 days at 2–8°C.
The source describes gentle mixing and avoiding vigorous shaking.
A generic BAC-water banner does not supersede the formulation-specific steps. The reported interval is not a specification for every product.
Nasal
The nasal section describes a professionally compounded spray or saline-based preparation.
- Form
- Source describes a prepared product
- Reported parameters
- Reported storage: refrigeration; no numerical expiry is given.
Appearance & documentation
Appearance and a purity certificate cannot establish sterility, identity, or suitability for injection.
Reported appearanceWhite Lyophilized PowderReported appearanceClear Solution After ReconstitutionReported appearanceProper Pharmaceutical LabelingReported variationMinor Powder CompactionReported concernDiscolored or Collapsed PowderReported concernPersistent Cloudiness
33Vial sizes
Packaging examples, not a market survey. Approved and research products are not interchangeable.
Storage after mixing
Reconstituted research vials
Pep-Pedia reports these handling limits after mixing. They are not validated stability or sterility limits for your vial.
Full storage notes from Pep-Pedia
33Lyophilized: -18°C, Reconstituted: 2-8°C up to 7 days
Refrigerated 2-6°C
Storage depends on the formulation, diluent, container, and handling. Follow the specific product label or pharmacist’s instructions.
Pen & syringe measurements Scales, capacity & references
Pen & syringe measurements
Device units measure volume. Concentration determines the amount in mg.
1 notch = 0.01 mL
Documented 1-unit V2 models
- One dial increment
- 1 unit
- Cartridge capacity
- 3 mL
- Maximum setting
- 60 units · 0.60 mL
Use the numbered dose window. Whole-unit settings only; confirm the specification for your exact model.
1 unit = 0.01 mL
100 units = 1 mL
- 10 units
- 0.10 mL
- 30-unit capacity
- 0.30 mL
- 50 / 100-unit capacity
- 0.50 / 1 mL
Read the printed unit scale. A small line may represent 0.5, 1, or 2 units depending on the syringe.
Use the mL scale
mL syringes and calibrated pipettes
- 0.01 mL
- 10 µL
- 0.10 mL
- 100 µL
- Amount
- mL × mg/mL
Drops, sprays and other pen clicks need their own verified volume per increment. They have no universal conversion.
3 mL is cartridge capacity. It does not mean you must prepare or load 3 mL. The original vial and the pen cartridge are different containers. This reference compares measurement scales; it does not establish product or route compatibility.
Device references
AVERON V2 specifications ↗SilverLeaf V2 unit reference ↗FDA: syringe unit conversions ↗Specifications checked October 12, 2026.Research findings
Human trialsSource context
Source safety percentages and nasal absorption estimates are not universal guarantees.
Compound identity & other names
An immune-modulating peptide studied in infections, cancer adjunct therapy, and sepsis. More studies do not mean every claimed use works: a large 2025 sepsis trial did not show a clear survival benefit.
Other names: Thymosin Alpha 1 · TA1 · TA-1 · Tα1 · Thymalfasin · Zadaxin
Not FDA-approved in the U.S.; international medicinal use is jurisdiction- and indication-specific.
How it may work
Investigated TLR, dendritic-cell, T-cell and NK-cell signaling effects.33
Sepsis: no clear mortality reduction
The TESTS trial enrolled 1,106 adults. In the modified intention-to-treat population, 28-day mortality was 23.4% with thymosin α1 and 24.1% with placebo; the corrected hazard ratio was 0.97 (95% CI 0.76–1.24).
12Subgroup analysis limitations
Potential differences by age and diabetes do not establish benefit for healthy people, infection prevention, or longevity. Overall secondary and safety outcomes did not significantly differ.
1Pancreatitis trial did not meet its endpoint
The 508-person randomized trial found no significant reduction in infected pancreatic necrosis or other major complications.
8Source checks & newer research
TESTS phase 3 randomized thymosin-alpha-1 sepsis trial
Among 1106 randomized adults, 28-day mortality was 23.4% versus 24.1% with placebo; no clear mortality benefit. Corrected publisher article should be used with its May 2025 correction.
Phase 3 randomized trial34Correction to TESTS trial
Publisher corrected data-entry errors affecting numerical analyses; mortality conclusion remains no clear benefit. Avoid carrying forward the uncorrected PubMed hazard ratio.
Published correction35Research areas and evidence gaps
Chronic hepatitis B. Zadaxin has an Indonesian product label for selected adults with compensated disease. This is jurisdiction- and product-specific.4
Sepsis research. A large trial tested an adjunct to hospital care, without improved 28-day survival.12
- Which defined patient groups, if any, reliably benefit in sepsis.
- Benefits and long-term safety for general wellness or infection prevention.
- Equivalence of research-market preparations to trial drugs.
Community reports Unvalidated
Pep-Pedia describes immune-support and maintenance use. These broad goals are distinct from the disease-specific questions tested in clinical trials.9
No representative community outcome dataset or control group establishes fewer infections or longer life.
Search coverage and review status
Additional primary or regulatory sources were checked. No further 2025–2026 exact-compound clinical outcome study was identified in this targeted search; this is not evidence that none exists.
- Checked
- 2026-10-12
- Search
- Thymosin alpha 1 2025 2026 randomized trial; 35713670
- Catalog
- Pep-Pedia ↗ · 22 listed references retained
- Targeted search, not a systematic or exhaustive review.
- Retained bibliography entries marked Bibliography only have not been independently verified.
- Distinct URLs may refer to the same publication; component and formulation boundaries remain important.
AI-prepared summaries. Independent medical editorial review is pending.
References
Original sources and review status. Open a reference to read its summary.
1TESTS: randomized placebo-controlled phase 3 sepsis trialPrimary source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
1,106 adults enrolled; 1.6 mg subcutaneously twice daily for seven days. Mortality was 23.4% versus 24.1%, without a clear overall survival benefit. This profile uses corrected statistics.
Sepsis: no clear mortality reduction
The TESTS trial enrolled 1,106 adults. In the modified intention-to-treat population, 28-day mortality was 23.4% with thymosin α1 and 24.1% with placebo; the corrected hazard ratio was 0.97 (95% CI 0.76–1.24).
Subgroup analysis limitations
Potential differences by age and diabetes do not establish benefit for healthy people, infection prevention, or longevity. Overall secondary and safety outcomes did not significantly differ.
2TESTS trial published correctionPrimary source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
The correction changed the primary hazard ratio to 0.97 (95% CI 0.76–1.24). The conclusion of no clear mortality benefit remains.
Sepsis: no clear mortality reduction
The TESTS trial enrolled 1,106 adults. In the modified intention-to-treat population, 28-day mortality was 23.4% with thymosin α1 and 24.1% with placebo; the corrected hazard ratio was 0.97 (95% CI 0.76–1.24).
3FDA: compounding safety concernsPrimary source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
FDA identifies insufficient safety information for proposed compounded thymosin-alpha-1 drugs.
4BPOM: Zadaxin product informationPrimary source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Indonesian product information for pharmaceutical thymalfasin, covering hepatitis B use, subcutaneous kinetics, supplied diluent and cautions.
5Pharmacokinetics of three thymosin alpha1 formulationsAbstract checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Nine healthy volunteers received subcutaneous formulations in a crossover study. Elimination was under three hours, but exposure differed among products.
6TESTS: randomized placebo-controlled phase 3 sepsis trialPrimary source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
1,106 adults enrolled; 1.6 mg subcutaneously twice daily for seven days. Mortality was 23.4% versus 24.1%, without a clear overall survival benefit. This profile uses corrected statistics.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
7TESTS: randomized placebo-controlled phase 3 sepsis trialPrimary source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
1,106 adults enrolled; 1.6 mg subcutaneously twice daily for seven days. Mortality was 23.4% versus 24.1%, without a clear overall survival benefit. This profile uses corrected statistics.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
8Immune enhancement in patients with predicted severe acute necrotising pancreatitis: a multicentre double-blind randomised controlled trialAbstract checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
In 508 patients, thymosin alpha-1 did not significantly reduce infected pancreatic necrosis: 15.7% versus 18.1% with placebo (p=0.48).
Pancreatitis trial did not meet its endpoint
The 508-person randomized trial found no significant reduction in infected pancreatic necrosis or other major complications.
Additional research · Checked 2026-10-12
9Pep-Pedia: thymosin-alpha-1 community protocol referenceCommunity source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Secondary immune-support schedule descriptions; not evidence that maintenance dosing improves health in otherwise healthy people.
10PeptiCore thymosin alpha-1 catalogCatalog checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
The supplier lists 5 mg and 10 mg research-vial configurations. These are not the 1.6 mg trial dose and are not clinically validated products.
11Cayman: thymosin α1 molecular identityCatalog checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Identifies the N-acetylated 28-residue thymalfasin molecule, formula and formula weight; laboratory handling is separate from pharmaceutical labeling.
12Dinetz, E., Lee, E. (2024). Comprehensive Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in Human Clinical Trials. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 30(2), 234-247.Pep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: The card mixes multi-species toxicology metadata with a claimed 11,000-patient review; population and less-than-1% serious-event claims need verification.
Reported population / model
Multiple species
Reported study details
Up to 16mg/kg · 6-12 months · Exceptional safety profile
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
13Romano, M., et al. (2023). Thymosin Alpha 1 Restores the Immune Homeostasis in Lymphocytes During Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 1158172.Pep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: The source reports lymphocyte/inflammation changes after COVID; symptom benefit and controlled causal effects are not established by the card.
Reported population / model
Human
Reported study details
1.6mg SC twice weekly · 12 weeks · Immune homeostasis restoration
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
14Garaci, E., et al. (2021). Thymosin Alpha 1 Mitigates Cytokine Storm in Blood Cells From Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 614842.Pep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: Lower TNF-alpha, IL-1β and IL-6 are reported during COVID; the card does not establish improved clinical outcomes.
Reported population / model
Human
Reported study details
1.6mg SC daily · 7 days · 40-60% cytokine reduction
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
15Liu, Y., et al. (2020). Thymosin Alpha 1 (Tα1) Reduces the Mortality of Severe COVID-19 by Restoration of Lymphocytopenia and Reversion of Exhausted T Cells. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 102(4), ciaa630.Pep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: The source claims a COVID mortality benefit and calls the study randomized; design and numerical comparison require verification before causal interpretation.
Reported population / model
Human
Reported study details
1.6mg SC twice daily · 14 days · 30% vs 11% mortality reduction
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
16TESTS Phase 3 Sepsis Trial (NCT02867267)Pep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: The large sepsis trial did not improve overall mortality; favorable subgroup findings do not establish broad benefit.
Reported population / model
Human
Reported study details
1.6mg SC twice daily · 28 days · Mixed mortality outcomes
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
17Thymalfasin COVID-19 Pilot Trial (NCT04487444)Pep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: A small hospitalized-COVID study reportedly improved lymphocyte recovery with mixed clinical outcomes.
Reported population / model
Human
Reported study details
1.6mg SC daily · 5 days · Improved lymphocyte recovery
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
18Tian, M., et al. (2025). Thymosin Alpha 1 Alleviates Inflammation and Prevents Infection in Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis Through Immune Regulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Immunology, 16, 1571456.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
19Shehadeh, F., et al. (2023). A Pilot Trial of Thymalfasin (Thymosin-α-1) to Treat Hospitalized Patients With Hypoxemia and Lymphocytopenia Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 227(2), 226-235.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
20Dominari, A., et al. (2020). Thymosin Alpha 1: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. World Journal of Virology, 9(5), 67-78.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
21Wu, J., et al. (2013). The Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 for Severe Sepsis (ETASS): A Multicenter, Single-Blind, Randomized and Controlled Trial. Critical Care, 17(1), R8.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
22King, R., Tuthill, C. (2016). Immune Modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1 Treatment. Vitamins and Hormones, 102, 151-178.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
23Dinetz, E., Lee, E. (2024). Comprehensive Review of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 in Human Clinical Trials. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 30(2), 234-247.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
24Tian, M., et al. (2025). Thymosin Alpha 1 Alleviates Inflammation and Prevents Infection in Patients with Severe Acute Pancreatitis Through Immune Regulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Immunology, 16, 1571456.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
25Shehadeh, F., et al. (2023). A Pilot Trial of Thymalfasin (Thymosin-α-1) to Treat Hospitalized Patients With Hypoxemia and Lymphocytopenia Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 227(2), 226-235.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
26Liu, Y., et al. (2020). Thymosin Alpha 1 (Tα1) Reduces the Mortality of Severe COVID-19 by Restoration of Lymphocytopenia and Reversion of Exhausted T Cells. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 102(4), ciaa630.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
27Romano, M., et al. (2023). Thymosin Alpha 1 Restores the Immune Homeostasis in Lymphocytes During Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 1158172.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
28Garaci, E., et al. (2021). Thymosin Alpha 1 Mitigates Cytokine Storm in Blood Cells From Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 614842.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
29Dominari, A., et al. (2020). Thymosin Alpha 1: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. World Journal of Virology, 9(5), 67-78.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
30Wu, J., et al. (2013). The Efficacy of Thymosin Alpha 1 for Severe Sepsis (ETASS): A Multicenter, Single-Blind, Randomized and Controlled Trial. Critical Care, 17(1), R8.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
31King, R., Tuthill, C. (2016). Immune Modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1 Treatment. Vitamins and Hormones, 102, 151-178.Linked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography. The original source and the website’s description have not been independently verified; the listed title may not match the linked record.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
32Pep-Pedia: Thymosin alpha-1 — reported pharmacokineticsReference estimate; not independently verified human PKCommunity source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Lists a half-life of 2 hrs and a peak time of 2 hrs. Stated attribution: Zadaxin prescribing information. This value is reported by a secondary reference. The stated attribution has not been independently verified as a route- and formulation-matched human PK measurement. Five half-lives is not complete clearance, and the source’s “cleared” value is not used as a measured endpoint.
Secondary reference page checked; the underlying quantitative claim is not independently confirmed. · Checked 2026-10-12
33Pep-Pedia: Thymosin alpha-1 — route-specific referenceReference page checked; underlying claims require separate verification.Community source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Source page checked across available routes. Protocols, cycles, storage, mechanisms and pairing claims are secondary reports; checking the page does not independently validate those claims. Original concise summaries are used here.
Content coverage audit · Checked 2026-10-12
34TESTS phase 3 randomized thymosin-alpha-1 sepsis trialPrimary source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Among 1106 randomized adults, 28-day mortality was 23.4% versus 24.1% with placebo; no clear mortality benefit. Corrected publisher article should be used with its May 2025 correction.
TESTS phase 3 randomized thymosin-alpha-1 sepsis trial
Among 1106 randomized adults, 28-day mortality was 23.4% versus 24.1% with placebo; no clear mortality benefit. Corrected publisher article should be used with its May 2025 correction.
Additional primary-source check · Checked 2026-10-12
35Correction to TESTS trialPrimary source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Publisher corrected data-entry errors affecting numerical analyses; mortality conclusion remains no clear benefit. Avoid carrying forward the uncorrected PubMed hazard ratio.
Correction to TESTS trial
Publisher corrected data-entry errors affecting numerical analyses; mortality conclusion remains no clear benefit. Avoid carrying forward the uncorrected PubMed hazard ratio.
Additional primary-source check · Checked 2026-10-12