Immune

LL-37

Host-defense peptide

Studied forChronic wounds1

Community reportsInfections · gut symptoms6

Investigational; no FDA-approved LL-37 product.

What does it do?

Human cathelicidin peptide studied for antimicrobial and wound biology. Topical ulcer trials do not establish systemic injection efficacy.

Approved & studied uses

Chronic wound research

Topical LL-37 was tested with compression for hard-to-heal venous ulcers.

Community uses Reported, unvalidated

Antimicrobial/immune research

Resistant bacteria, biofilms, cytokines, neutrophils and endotoxin models.

Wound repair

Venous ulcers studied clinically; diabetic/pressure-wound and tissue-strength claims have differing evidence.

Reasons people report using it; these do not establish benefit.33

Evidence limits

View research →

Efficacy and safety of systemic injection for infections or intestinal conditions.1

6 distinct primary sources or abstracts checked. Evidence may concern a parent compound, individual blend ingredient, animal, or cell model; it does not necessarily establish a benefit for this exact product.

Evidence definitions →

Key safety information

All risks →

Immune and quality concerns

FDA flags immunogenicity and impurities.2

Investigational; no FDA-approved LL-37 product.

Molecular information

Amino-acid sequence

37 residues · N → C3

Length37 amino acids

Molecular weight · Da≈4,493 Da

Formula, sequence notation & identity

Molecular formulaC₂₀₅H₃₄₀N₆₀O₅₃3

L–L–G–D–F–F–R–K–S–K–E–K–I–G–K–E–F–K–R–I–V–Q–R–I–K–D–F–L–R–N–L–V–P–R–T–E–S

LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES

Human cathelicidin fragment with free termini. Modified peptides or salts are separate specifications.

Pharmacokinetics

How long does it stay in the body?

Unverified reference estimateNot independently confirmed

Reference half-life30 min32

Route / formulationSource page: Topical. Exact PK route not verified.

This value is reported by a secondary reference. The stated attribution has not been independently verified as a route- and formulation-matched human PK measurement.

Elapsed time 30 min

50%of reference level

Illustrative scenario using an unverified reference estimate.

About 3% remaining after 2.5 h

Five half-lives in this estimated model. This is not a prediction of when effects stop.

Evidence and model details

Population: Not established by the reference estimate

Source’s stated attribution: Limited human data

Source’s reported peak time: 3 min. This has not been independently confirmed and is not used in the elimination curve.

100 × 2^{−time / half-life}. Time zero is a reference level, not the moment of administration. Absorption, repeated dosing, metabolites and clinical effects are not modeled. Five half-lives leaves 3.125%, not zero. This curve cannot determine a dosing interval.

What to expect

Study outcomes

Overall trial was negative

Healing did not significantly improve overall. A post-hoc large-ulcer subgroup signal requires confirmation.1

Additional research

The 2026 study examined a host-signaling antiviral mechanism in experimental systems. It does not establish an injectable antiviral regimen.5

Reported timelines

Reference & community

Injection: weeks 1–12; topical: 1–8

Source timelines are not validated expectations; worsening wounds need review.33

These are reported timelines, not a prediction of your response.

Community poll 10 topics · Pep-Pedia snapshot

Voluntary, unverified reports. These percentages do not measure effectiveness or safety.

Topic

Primary goal

Recovery/Healing56%

General wellness33%

Other: Research 6%

Other: Gut health6%

Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.

Source & limitations

The source displays “277 responses” for this profile. This is not a confirmed participant count or a denominator for individual questions.

Voluntary self-reports from Pep-Pedia visitors; identity, treatment, outcomes and timing are unverified. These data are not efficacy or safety estimates.
The source displays a profile-wide response label, not a confirmed unique participant count. It stays unchanged across questions. Question-specific denominators and absolute option counts are not exposed.
Only the top five categories are displayed for some questions. Extra categories are retained as an undisplayed-category count; their labels and percentages are unavailable.
Displayed percentages are rounded. They may not total 100%, especially where categories are hidden.
This is a dated snapshot, not a live survey or current recommendation.

Protocols

Doses & schedules

Compare purpose, amount, route, frequency, and duration.

Source corrections

Source labels and in-vitro antimicrobial findings do not replace established infection treatment.

Route

Scroll to compare all columns →

One row for each documented route and dose or dose range
Route	Dose	Frequency	Goal / evidence	Duration	References
TopicalTopical wound application	0.5 mg/mL	Twice weekly	Venous leg-ulcer healingHuman study	13 weeks	1
Population 148 treated participants Context Compression in all arms; investigational formulation. Source dose wording 0.5 or 1.6 mg/mL LL-37, or placebo
TopicalTopical wound application	1.6 mg/mL	Twice weekly	Venous leg-ulcer healingHuman study	13 weeks	1
Population 148 treated participants Context Compression in all arms; investigational formulation. Source dose wording 0.5 or 1.6 mg/mL LL-37, or placebo
TopicalTopical wound application	Placebo	Twice weekly	Venous leg-ulcer healingHuman study	13 weeks	1
Population 148 treated participants Context Compression in all arms; investigational formulation. Source dose wording 0.5 or 1.6 mg/mL LL-37, or placebo
SubQ	100 mcg daily	Once daily	Immune System SupportReference report	4-12 weeks depending on application	33
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source labels and in-vitro antimicrobial findings do not replace established infection treatment. Source tabs Injectable
SubQ	150-200 mcg daily	Once daily	Infection Recovery SupportReference report	4-12 weeks depending on application	33
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source labels and in-vitro antimicrobial findings do not replace established infection treatment. Source tabs Injectable
SubQ	50-100 mcg	Twice daily	Research ApplicationsReference report	4-12 weeks depending on application	33
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source labels and in-vitro antimicrobial findings do not replace established infection treatment. Source tabs Injectable
SubQ	100-150 mcg daily	Once daily	Chronic Wound SupportReference report	4-12 weeks depending on application	33
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source labels and in-vitro antimicrobial findings do not replace established infection treatment. Source tabs Injectable
TopicalTopical gel application	0.5 mg/mL	Twice weekly	Chronic Venous UlcersReference report	2-8 weeks depending on wound healing progress	33
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source labels and in-vitro antimicrobial findings do not replace established infection treatment. Source tabs Topical
TopicalTopical cream	0.5-1.6 mg/mL	Daily application	Diabetic Foot UlcersReference report	2-8 weeks depending on wound healing progress	33
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source labels and in-vitro antimicrobial findings do not replace established infection treatment. Source tabs Topical
TopicalTopical gel or cream	1.6 mg/mL	Once daily	Acute Wound HealingReference report	2-8 weeks depending on wound healing progress	33
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source labels and in-vitro antimicrobial findings do not replace established infection treatment. Source tabs Topical
OtherHydrogel delivery system	0.5-1.0 mg/mL	Twice daily	Pressure Ulcer TreatmentReference report	2-8 weeks depending on wound healing progress	33
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source labels and in-vitro antimicrobial findings do not replace established infection treatment. Source tabs Topical
TopicalTopical gel application	1.0 mg/mL	Once to twice daily	Burn Wound CareReference report	2-8 weeks depending on wound healing progress	33
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Source labels and in-vitro antimicrobial findings do not replace established infection treatment. Source tabs Topical

Study and label doses retain their study context. Reference reports are unvalidated practices, not personal treatment instructions. Ranges remain ranges; escalation stages are labeled.

Cycles & timing

Reference reports33

Reported use periods and breaks. These do not establish a safe cycle or prove that breaks prevent tolerance.

Injectable

Use period: 4-12 weeks depending on application
Break: 2-4 weeks between cycles for chronic use

Reported timing

Evening administration preferred; can be taken with or without food

Topical

Use period: 2-8 weeks depending on wound healing progress
Break: Continue until complete healing achieved

Reported timing

Apply after wound cleaning, can be used with standard dressings

Animal and cell protocols 1

Laboratory exposures cannot establish a human dose.

Scroll to compare all columns →

Animal and cell exposures
Route	Dose	Frequency	Goal / evidence	Duration	References
Unspecified	250 mcg	Daily	Gut/infection-related symptomsCommunity	Four weeks planned; completion unverified	6
Population One anonymous commenter Context The commenter reported feeling worse, including brain fog. Route information Injection discussed; exact route not verified

Side effects & safety

Immune and quality concerns

FDA flags immunogenicity and impurities.

Nonclinical safety signals

FDA cites tissue-dependent tumor promotion and male-reproductive concerns in nonclinical research; human risk is unresolved.

Route limits

Topical tolerability cannot establish injection safety.

Negative self-report

A commenter described worse brain fog; uncontrolled attribution is uncertain.

Additional reported cautions

Reference reports33

Local/systemic reactions

Spreading inflammation, allergy, persistent flu-like symptoms or injection infection.

Wound deterioration

Purulence, increased warmth/redness, unusual pain, dermatitis or delayed healing needs clinical assessment.

Not a complete safety screen. Discuss health decisions with a qualified clinician.

Combinations & interactions

9 entries

Check cautions and reported pairings. A compatibility claim does not establish that a combination is safe.

Physiological salt solutions

Caution reported

Salt can alter laboratory activity.33

Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: Use Caution

Amino-acid solutions

Avoidance reported

Source flags physical mixing incompatibility.33

Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: Avoid Combination

BPC-157

Unverified pairing

Untested repair pairing.33

Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: Synergistic

TB-500

Unverified pairing

Untested repair pairing.33

Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: Synergistic

Conventional antibiotics

Unverified pairing

Laboratory combinations include chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin and oxacillin; not universal clinical synergy.33

Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: Synergistic

Vitamin D3

Unverified pairing

Endogenous LL-37 regulation differs from co-administration.33

Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: Synergistic

Lactoferrin

Unverified pairing

Safety claim unestablished.33

Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: Compatible

Synthetic antimicrobial peptides

Unverified pairing

No established combination profile.33

Reference report · Evidence context: Unknown

Immunosuppressants and antibiotics

Not established

The trial restricted systemic immunosuppression and recent antibiotics; it does not establish combination safety.1

Research context

Reconstitution calculator

Enter your peptide amount and container size. Get a volume and a simple measurement scale.

1How much peptide do you have?

Total labeled amount of LL-37.

2How much can your container hold?

Usable capacity of the destination vial or pen cartridge.

Measure with

1 dial unit = 0.01 mL on the documented V2 model. Confirm your pen’s scale.

Vial examples & blend contents LL-37

Peptide reference

Listed amounts are packaging examples. Check your actual label.

Suggested final volume mL

Estimated water to add≈ mL

For dry powder, assuming negligible volume displacement. Use bacteriostatic water only if the formulation specifies it.

1 pen unit (one dial step)=

Measurement scale Conversions, not recommended doses
Pen units	Amount	Volume

Other simple scales

Convert a specific amount

Enter an amount to calculate its volume and device setting.

Amount to measure

Measuring-tool capacity

Calculation & assumptions

The suggestion favors a simple 1, 2, or 5 × power-of-ten amount per unit, then the largest final volume that fits. It does not choose a dose or a biologically suitable concentration.

The water estimate applies only to dry powder and assumes negligible powder displacement. Final solution volume, specified diluent, solubility, stability, sterility, cartridge compatibility, and working fill limits must be established separately. No allowance is made for priming or transfer losses.

V2 measurement specification ↗Bacteriostatic water: formulation instructions ↗

Reconstitution

Trial formulation only

The clinical preparation was a manufactured topical product.1

HEAL formulation

A buffered LL-37 concentrate was mixed with a polyvinyl-alcohol diluent before wound application. This is not a BAC-water injection protocol.1

Reference preparation details

Reported handling information, not a validated formulation or instruction to prepare an injectable product.

Injectable

The source reports a typical solution concentration of 1–2 mg/mL.

Solvents mentioned: Bacteriostatic water

The source describes gentle mixing and avoiding vigorous shaking.

Topical

The source describes formulated wound gels or creams, with dressing care under a clinical protocol.

Form: Source describes a prepared product

Appearance & documentation

Appearance and a purity certificate cannot establish sterility, identity, or suitability for injection.

Reported appearanceClear colorless solutionReported appearanceProper peptide purityReported appearanceLyophilized powder formReported appearanceCold chain maintenanceReported concernDiscolored or cloudy solutionReported concernPre-mixed liquid formulationsReported variationRoom temperature storage

Vial sizes

5mg7

Packaging examples, not a market survey. Approved and research products are not interchangeable.

Storage after mixing

Reconstituted research vials

Pep-Pedia reports these handling limits after mixing. They are not validated stability or sterility limits for your vial.

Injectable

Unverified report33

30 days2–8°C

Full storage notes from Pep-Pedia

Injectable

Refrigerate 2-8°C after reconstitution, use within 30 days

Topical

Refrigerate 2-8°C, protect from light, use within expiration

Storage depends on the formulation, diluent, container, and handling. Follow the specific product label or pharmacist’s instructions.

Pen & syringe measurements Scales, capacity & references

Pen & syringe measurements

Device units measure volume. Concentration determines the amount in mg.

Open calculator ↗

V2 peptide pen

1 notch = 0.01 mL

Documented 1-unit V2 models

One dial increment: 1 unit
Cartridge capacity: 3 mL
Maximum setting: 60 units · 0.60 mL

Use the numbered dose window. Whole-unit settings only; confirm the specification for your exact model.

U-100 syringe

1 unit = 0.01 mL

100 units = 1 mL

10 units: 0.10 mL
30-unit capacity: 0.30 mL
50 / 100-unit capacity: 0.50 / 1 mL

Read the printed unit scale. A small line may represent 0.5, 1, or 2 units depending on the syringe.

Other measuring tools

Use the mL scale

mL syringes and calibrated pipettes

0.01 mL: 10 µL
0.10 mL: 100 µL
Amount: mL × mg/mL

Drops, sprays and other pen clicks need their own verified volume per increment. They have no universal conversion.

3 mL is cartridge capacity. It does not mean you must prepare or load 3 mL. The original vial and the pen cartridge are different containers. This reference compares measurement scales; it does not establish product or route compatibility.

Device references

AVERON V2 specifications ↗SilverLeaf V2 unit reference ↗FDA: syringe unit conversions ↗Specifications checked October 12, 2026.

Research findings

Human trials

Source context

Source labels and in-vitro antimicrobial findings do not replace established infection treatment.

Compound identity & other names

A human host-defense peptide with antimicrobial and immune-signaling effects. It has been tested topically on chronic wounds; those findings should not be treated as proof that injected LL-37 treats infections or gut symptoms.

Other names: LL37 · Cathelicidin LL-37 · Human cathelicidin · hCAP-18 fragment

Investigational; no FDA-approved LL-37 product.

How it may work

Membrane-directed antimicrobial activity, immune signaling and keratinocyte/vascular repair pathways; effects vary with formulation and environment.33

Larger ulcer trial: no overall benefit

A phase IIb placebo-controlled trial in 148 patients with difficult venous leg ulcers found no significant overall healing improvement with topical LL-37 plus compression.

Subgroup finding needs confirmation

A post hoc analysis suggested improvement in larger ulcers. A result found after the main analysis is hypothesis-generating and requires a prospectively designed confirmatory trial.

Efficacy and safety of Oral LL-37 against the Omicron BA.5.1.3 variant of SARS-COV-2: A randomized trial

In an early-treatment subgroup, viral-RNA conversion occurred sooner (9.80 versus 14.04 days). No severe adverse events were reported; the formulation and open-label design limit transfer to peptide vials.

LL-37 Inhibits EV71 Infection by Upregulating STAC via the EGFR-ERK Signaling Pathway

The 2026 study examined a host-signaling antiviral mechanism in experimental systems. It does not establish an injectable antiviral regimen.

Source checks & newer research

HEAL LL-37 phase IIb venous-ulcer trial

Among148 patients using topical LL-37 plus compression, the full population showed no significant healing advantage over placebo. A post-hoc large-ulcer subgroup signal requires confirmation; earlier favorable pilot findings do not establish broad efficacy.

Human randomized placebo-controlled phase 2b trial34

Research areas and evidence gaps

Chronic wound research. Topical LL-37 was tested with compression for hard-to-heal venous ulcers.1

Efficacy and safety of systemic injection for infections or intestinal conditions.
Long-term effects of altering innate immune signaling.
Whether post hoc large-ulcer findings will reproduce.
The oral COVID study used engineered Lactococcus lactis, not purified peptide; its results do not validate injectable LL-37.

Community reports Unvalidated

A public discussion includes both perceived gut or infection improvements and worsening brain fog. These conflicting accounts are not controlled evidence.6

Anonymous self-reports include other treatments, uncertain diagnoses, and unverified product contents; they cannot establish benefit, harm frequency, or causation.

Search coverage and review status

Additional recent evidence was checked, including LL-37 Inhibits EV71 Infection by Upregulating STAC via the EGFR-ERK Signaling Pathway. See individual source summaries for findings and limitations.

Checked: 2026-10-12
Search: LL-37 randomized trial 2025 2026; LL-37 37605995
Catalog: Pep-Pedia ↗ · 23 listed references retained

Targeted search, not a systematic or exhaustive review.
Retained bibliography entries marked Bibliography only have not been independently verified.
Distinct URLs may refer to the same publication; component and formulation boundaries remain important.

AI-prepared summaries. Independent medical editorial review is pending.

References

Original sources and review status. Open a reference to read its summary.

34 sources

1HEAL LL-37: randomized venous leg-ulcer trialTrial · 2021 · pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.govPrimary source checked

AI-PREPARED SUMMARY

148-patient phase IIb trial of topical 0.5 or 1.6 mg/mL LL-37 with compression: no significant overall healing benefit. A post hoc large-ulcer signal needs confirmation.

Larger ulcer trial: no overall benefit

A phase IIb placebo-controlled trial in 148 patients with difficult venous leg ulcers found no significant overall healing improvement with topical LL-37 plus compression.

Subgroup finding needs confirmation

A post hoc analysis suggested improvement in larger ulcers. A result found after the main analysis is hypothesis-generating and requires a prospectively designed confirmatory trial.

Original source

2FDA: compounding safety concernsRegulator · 2026 · fda.govPrimary source checked

AI-PREPARED SUMMARY

FDA flags inadequate safety information and nonclinical reproductive and tumor-related concerns.

Original source

3PubChem: LL-37 molecular identityChemical database · 2026 · pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.govAbstract checked

AI-PREPARED SUMMARY

Structural record for the 37-residue human cathelicidin fragment, including formula and molecular weight; not a clinical product specification.

Original source

4Efficacy and safety of Oral LL-37 against the Omicron BA.5.1.3 variant of SARS-COV-2: A randomized trialTrial · 2023 · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govAbstract checked

AI-PREPARED SUMMARY

An open-label single-center trial of 238 adults used recombinant LL-37-expressing Lactococcus lactis, a live biotherapeutic. This is not oral or injected purified LL-37.

Efficacy and safety of Oral LL-37 against the Omicron BA.5.1.3 variant of SARS-COV-2: A randomized trial

Additional research · Checked 2026-10-12

Original source

5LL-37 Inhibits EV71 Infection by Upregulating STAC via the EGFR-ERK Signaling PathwayPreclinical · 2026 · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govAbstract checked

AI-PREPARED SUMMARY

Experiments found reduced EV71 replication and implicated STAC and EGFR-ERK signaling. These are mechanistic antiviral results, not clinical treatment outcomes.

LL-37 Inhibits EV71 Infection by Upregulating STAC via the EGFR-ERK Signaling Pathway

The 2026 study examined a host-signaling antiviral mechanism in experimental systems. It does not establish an injectable antiviral regimen.

Additional research · Checked 2026-10-12

Original source

6Reddit: Anyone tried LL-37?Community · 2026 · reddit.comCommunity source checked

AI-PREPARED SUMMARY

Unverified reports range from perceived benefit to worsening brain fog during 250 mcg daily use. No denominator or controlled comparison supports a success or adverse-event rate.

Original source

7Peptavio LL-37 5 mg research vialCatalog · 2026 · peptavio.comCatalog checked

AI-PREPARED SUMMARY

A checked supplier page labels the vial 5 mg. Supplier potency, purity, and stability claims were not independently validated.

Original source

8Pep-Pedia: LL-37Community · Accessed 2026 · pep-pedia.orgCommunity source checked

AI-PREPARED SUMMARY

Secondary community overview checked on 12 October 2026. Its practice tables and efficacy claims are not independently validated clinical guidance.

Original source

9Noore, J., Noore, A., Li, B. (2019). Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is bactericidal against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. PLOS ONE, 14(6), e0216676.Bibliography · 2019 · journals.plos.orgPep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked

AI-PREPARED SUMMARY

Pep-Pedia reports: The source describes greater than four-log biofilm reduction under laboratory conditions; clinical infection outcomes were not studied.

Reported population / model
In vitro

Reported study details
10-100 μM · 60 minutes · >4 log reduction in biofilm

Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.

Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗

Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12

Listed study

10Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Study (2017)Bibliography · 2017 · sciencedirect.comPep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked

AI-PREPARED SUMMARY

Pep-Pedia reports: Clinical-isolate assays found activity against several resistant bacteria; concentration-dependent culture effects do not establish a safe systemic antibiotic regimen.

Reported population / model
Clinical isolates

Reported study details
1-256 μg/mL MIC · Various pathogens · Broad-spectrum activity

Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.

Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗

Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12

Listed study

11Grönberg, A., Mahlapuu, M., Ståhle, M., Whately-Smith, C., Rollman, O. (2014). Treatment with LL-37 is safe and effective in enhancing healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Wound Repair and Regeneration, 22(5), 613-621.Bibliography · 2014 · pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.govPep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked

AI-PREPARED SUMMARY

Pep-Pedia reports: Thirty-four ulcer patients reportedly had better topical healing measures, including 68% area reduction at 0.5 mg/mL.

Reported population / model
Humans

Reported study details
0.5-3.2 mg/mL topical · 4 weeks · 68% ulcer area reduction at 0.5 mg/mL

Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.

Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗

Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12

Listed study

12Wang, G. (2008). Structures of human host defense cathelicidin LL-37 and its smallest antimicrobial peptide KR-12 in lipid micelles. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283(47), 32637-32643.Bibliography · 2008 · sciencedirect.comPep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked

AI-PREPARED SUMMARY

Pep-Pedia reports: NMR in detergent micelles characterized the peptide's bent amphipathic helical structure; this is molecular work rather than a treatment trial.

Reported population / model
NMR spectroscopy

Reported study details
Molecular structure · Amphipathic helix characterization

Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.

Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗

Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12

Listed study

13Melanoma Phase I Clinical Trial (NCT02225366)Trial registry · Not verified · classic.clinicaltrials.govPep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked

AI-PREPARED SUMMARY

Pep-Pedia reports: The card identifies a dose-escalation intratumoral melanoma study but supplies no numerical efficacy result; trial registration alone does not demonstrate benefit.

Reported population / model
Humans

Reported study details
Intratumoral injection · 8 weeks · Safety and immune stimulation

Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.

Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗

Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12

Listed study

14Diabetic Foot Ulcer Clinical Trial (NCT04098562)Bibliography · Not verified · researchgate.netPep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked

AI-PREPARED SUMMARY

Pep-Pedia reports: The source describes improved granulation and healing in a topical diabetic-ulcer study; its reported results need confirmation beyond the registration.

Reported population / model
Humans

Reported study details
LL-37 cream · 28 days · Enhanced granulation tissue formation

Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.

Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗

Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12

Listed study

15Keshri, A.K., Rawat, S.S., Chaudhary, A., Sharma, S., Kapoor, A., Mehra, P., Kaur, R., Mishra, A., Prasad, A. (2025). LL-37, the master antimicrobial peptide, its multifaceted role from combating infections to cancer immunity. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 65(1), 107398.Bibliography · 2025 · sciencedirect.comLinked reference · Not independently reviewed

REFERENCE NOTE