Experimental antidepressant mechanism
1The seven-residue peptide blocked TREK-1 in cells and reduced depression-like behavior in mouse assays. This does not show that it treats depression in people.
Mind & sleep
PE-22-28 (Mini-Spadin)
Shortened spadin analogue
Lab studiesAntidepressant mechanisms1
No FDA-approved product identified for this exact research entry in the targeted review.
What does it do?
Mini-Spadin is an experimental antidepressant peptide with animal evidence and no established human efficacy.
Approved & studied uses
Community uses Reported, unvalidated
Mood / anxiety
16Depression, anxiety and neurogenesis models.
Cognition / protection
16Memory and stroke-related neuroprotection hypotheses.
Routes
16Oral animal activity; nasal delivery remains theoretical.
Reasons people report using it; these do not establish benefit.16
Evidence limits
View research →Human efficacy, dosing and adverse effects are not established by this preclinical study.1
1 distinct primary sources or abstracts checked. Evidence may concern a parent compound, individual blend ingredient, animal, or cell model; it does not necessarily establish a benefit for this exact product.
Evidence definitions →Key safety information
All risks →Evidence limitation
Mouse behavioral effects are not a human safety assessment.1
No FDA-approved product identified for this exact research entry in the targeted review.
Amino-acid sequence
- Gly
- Val
- Ser
- Trp
- Gly
- Leu
- Arg
7 residues · N → C16
Reference identity · not independently confirmed16
Length7 amino acids
Molecular weight · Da773.89 Da
Formula, sequence notation & identity
Gly-Val-Ser-Trp-Gly-Leu-Arg (GVSWGLR)Identity reported by Pep-Pedia; exact-product sequence and modifications have not been independently confirmed.
Shortened spadin analogue PE 22–28
Distinguish PE 22–28 from G/A and biotinylated derivatives.
Pep-Pedia identity details
7 amino acids · 773.89 Da
Gly-Val-Ser-Trp-Gly-Leu-Arg (GVSWGLR)Reference description; checked chemical identity above takes precedence when available.16
Pharmacokinetics
How long does it stay in the body?
Reported half-lifeHuman half-life not verified1
The study measured mouse behavioral effect duration, including modified derivatives, not human plasma elimination.
No numerical estimate was found in the checked data or Pep-Pedia profile. A curve would require an unsupported assumption.
What to expect
Study outcomes
Channel and mouse-behavior evidence
Human efficacy, dosing and adverse effects are not established by this preclinical study.1
Community poll 10 topics · Pep-Pedia snapshot
Voluntary, unverified reports. These percentages do not measure effectiveness or safety.
Experience
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Duration of use
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Age range
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Gender
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Primary goal
The source hides 3 additional categories. Their labels and percentages are unavailable.
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Effectiveness
The source hides 4 additional categories. Their labels and percentages are unavailable.
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Side effects
The source hides 1 additional categories. Their labels and percentages are unavailable.
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Dosage frequency
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Would recommend
The source hides 3 additional categories. Their labels and percentages are unavailable.
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
How discovered
The source hides 1 additional categories. Their labels and percentages are unavailable.
Number of responses to this question: not disclosed.
Source & limitations
The source displays “296 responses” for this profile. This is not a confirmed participant count or a denominator for individual questions.
- Voluntary self-reports from Pep-Pedia visitors; identity, treatment, outcomes and timing are unverified. These data are not efficacy or safety estimates.
- The source displays a profile-wide response label, not a confirmed unique participant count. It stays unchanged across questions. Question-specific denominators and absolute option counts are not exposed.
- Only the top five categories are displayed for some questions. Extra categories are retained as an undisplayed-category count; their labels and percentages are unavailable.
- Displayed percentages are rounded. They may not total 100%, especially where categories are hidden.
- This is a dated snapshot, not a live survey or current recommendation.
Protocols
Doses & schedules
Compare purpose, amount, route, frequency, and duration.
Source corrections
Animal cardiac selectivity does not establish human cardiac safety; combination labels are source claims.
Route
Scroll to compare all columns →
| Route | Dose | Frequency | Goal / evidence | Duration | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SubQ | 50-100 mcg | Once daily | Research Protocol (Human Equivalent - Theoretical)Reference report | 4-8 weeks typical research protocol | 16 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Animal cardiac selectivity does not establish human cardiac safety; combination labels are source claims. Source tabs Injectable | |||||
| SubQ | 100-200 mcg | Once daily | Research Protocol (Conservative)Reference report | 4-8 weeks typical research protocol | 16 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Animal cardiac selectivity does not establish human cardiac safety; combination labels are source claims. Source tabs Injectable | |||||
| IntranasalNasal spray | 100-300 mcg | Once or twice daily | Research Protocol (Theoretical)Reference report | Not specified | 16 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Animal cardiac selectivity does not establish human cardiac safety; combination labels are source claims. Source tabs Nasal | |||||
No protocols match these filters.
Study and label doses retain their study context. Reference reports are unvalidated practices, not personal treatment instructions. Ranges remain ranges; escalation stages are labeled.
Reported use periods and breaks. These do not establish a safe cycle or prove that breaks prevent tolerance.
Injectable
- Use period
- 4-8 weeks typical research protocol
- Break
- Limited data on cycling; some protocols suggest 4 weeks on, 2-4 weeks off
Reported timing
Morning administration common; ~23 hour duration of action supports once-daily dosing
Oral
- Use period
- Not established
- Break
- Not established
Reported timing
Not established
Nasal
- Use period
- Not established
- Break
- Not established
Reported timing
Morning administration typical for nootropic peptides
Animal and cell protocols 3
Laboratory exposures cannot establish a human dose.
Route
Scroll to compare all columns →
| Route | Dose | Frequency | Goal / evidence | Duration | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OtherIP | 3-4 mcg/kg | Once daily | Preclinical Antidepressant Studies (Mouse)Reference report | 4-8 weeks typical research protocol | 16 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Animal cardiac selectivity does not establish human cardiac safety; combination labels are source claims. Source tabs Injectable | |||||
| OralOral gavage | 1 mg/kg | Once daily | Preclinical Oral Studies (Mouse)Reference report | 4-8 weeks typical research protocol | 16 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Animal cardiac selectivity does not establish human cardiac safety; combination labels are source claims. Source tabs Injectable | |||||
| OralOral gavage | 1 mg/kg | Once daily | Preclinical Oral Study (Mouse)Reference report | Not specified | 16 |
Population Population not independently verified; see the reference and linked research. Context Reported in Pep-Pedia’s educational protocol table. Study attribution and applicability to this exact product are not independently established. Animal cardiac selectivity does not establish human cardiac safety; combination labels are source claims. Source tabs Oral | |||||
No protocols match these filters.
Side effects & safety
Evidence limitation
Mouse behavioral effects are not a human safety assessment.
1Evidence limitation
Activity duration of modified analogues is not PE-22-28 human pharmacokinetics.
1Unknown safety
No human trials or established oral/nasal exposure.
Urgent
Agitation, confusion, tachycardia, hypertension or twitching may indicate serotonergic toxicity; seizures, chest pain, allergy, mania/suicidal thoughts or unusual bleeding need assessment.
Local
Persistent nasal bleeding, irritation or infection.
Not a complete safety screen. Discuss health decisions with a qualified clinician.
Combinations & interactions
9 entriesCheck cautions and reported pairings. A compatibility claim does not establish that a combination is safe.
SSRIs
Caution reportedTheoretical serotonergic excess.16
Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: Monitor CombinationPotassium-channel drugs
Caution reportedPotential channel interactions.16
Reference report · Evidence context: Use cautionMAOIs
Avoidance reportedTheoretical serotonin toxicity.16
Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: Avoid CombinationSemax / NA-Semax
Unverified pairingUnstudied plasticity pairing.16
Reference report · Evidence context: Potentially synergisticSelank
Unverified pairingUnstudied pairing.16
Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: SynergisticDihexa
Unverified pairingUnstudied growth signaling.16
Reference report · Evidence context: Potentially synergisticCerebrolysin
Unverified pairingUnstudied pairing.16
Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: CompatibleBPC-157
Unverified pairingUnstudied pairing.16
Reference report · Pep-Pedia label: CompatibleOther medicines or peptides
Not establishedNo exact-product human interaction study was verified; lack of evidence is not evidence of safety.2
Research contextNo matching interactions. Try another name or filter.
Reconstitution
No product-specific preparation or stability instruction was verified. A dilution calculation does not establish suitability for injection.2
Reference preparation details
Reported handling information, not a validated formulation or instruction to prepare an injectable product.
Injectable
The source gives a 10 mg vial example.
- Solvents mentioned
- Bacteriostatic water
- Reported parameters
- 10 mg in 2 mL gives 5 mg/mL. · Reported storage: 2–8°C for 4–6 weeks.
The source describes gentle mixing and avoiding vigorous shaking.
Oral
The oral view contains only a generic injection banner and no route-specific preparation information.
No oral solvent or mixing protocol can be inferred from that banner.
Nasal
Pep-Pedia describes preparation for this route; product-specific stability has not been independently verified.
- Solvents mentioned
- Bacteriostatic water
- Reported parameters
- The source specifies refrigeration after preparation.
Appearance & documentation
Appearance and a purity certificate cannot establish sterility, identity, or suitability for injection.
Reported appearanceWhite lyophilized powderReported appearanceClear, colorless reconstituted solutionReported appearanceCertificate of Analysis (COA) availableReported appearanceProper cold chain shippingReported variationResearch compound statusReported concernCloudy, discolored, or particles visibleReported concernClumped or sticky powder
16Available forms
No verified packaging examples included.
Packaging examples, not a market survey. Approved and research products are not interchangeable.
Storage after mixing
Reconstituted research vials
Pep-Pedia reports these handling limits after mixing. They are not validated stability or sterility limits for your vial.
Full storage notes from Pep-Pedia
16Lyophilized: refrigerate 2-8°C or -20°C for long-term; Reconstituted: refrigerate, use within 4-6 weeks
Refrigerate solution; protect from light
Refrigerate reconstituted solution
Storage depends on the formulation, diluent, container, and handling. Follow the specific product label or pharmacist’s instructions.
Research findings
PreclinicalSource context
Animal cardiac selectivity does not establish human cardiac safety; combination labels are source claims.
Compound identity & other names
PE-22-28 is a spadin-derived peptide investigated as a TREK-1 blocker. Cell and mouse experiments do not establish an antidepressant treatment in people.
No FDA-approved product identified for this exact research entry in the targeted review.
How it may work
TREK-1 blockade alters neuronal excitability, serotonin signaling and downstream plasticity.16
Channel and mouse-behavior evidence
The seven-residue peptide blocked TREK-1 in cells and reduced depression-like behavior in mouse assays. This does not show that it treats depression in people.
1Research areas and evidence gaps
Experimental antidepressant mechanism. The seven-residue peptide blocked TREK-1 in cells and reduced depression-like behavior in mouse assays. This does not show that it treats depression in people.1
- Human efficacy, dosing and adverse effects are not established by this preclinical study.
- A product-specific research-vial quantity was not independently verified in this review.
Community reports Unvalidated
Pep-Pedia discusses preclinical depression research.2
Editorial summary, not a measured community survey, clinical protocol or recommendation.
Search coverage and review status
No newer human clinical study was verified. Checked the original cell and mouse paper; behavioral duration is not human elimination half-life.
- Checked
- 2026-10-12
- Search
- "PE-22-28" 2025 2026 study
- Catalog
- Pep-Pedia ↗ · 13 listed references retained
- Targeted search and selected primary-source checks, not an exhaustive systematic review.
- Preserved bibliography entries marked unreviewed have not had their findings independently verified.
AI-prepared summaries. Independent medical editorial review is pending.
References
Original sources and review status. Open a reference to read its summary.
1Shortened Spadin Analogs Display Better TREK-1 Inhibition, In Vivo Stability and Antidepressant ActivityPrimary source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
PE 22-28 inhibited TREK-1 in cells and changed depression-like behavior in mice. Longer activity measurements concerned modified analogues, not human elimination.
Channel and mouse-behavior evidence
The seven-residue peptide blocked TREK-1 in cells and reduced depression-like behavior in mouse assays. This does not show that it treats depression in people.
Additional research · Checked 2026-10-12
2Pep-Pedia: PE-22-28 (Mini-Spadin)Community source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Secondary editorial profile and reported practices; not clinical validation.
3Spadin Selectively Antagonizes Arachidonic Acid Activation of TREK-1Pep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: Spadin-related compounds selectively interfered with arachidonic-acid activation of TREK-1; mechanism does not establish clinical tolerability.
Reported population / model
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2020
Reported study details
Mechanism of action study
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
4Role of TREK-1 in Health and Disease - CNS FocusPep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: The review describes TREK-1 roles in mood, pain, neuroprotection and anesthesia; target biology is not proof of peptide-treatment efficacy.
Reported population / model
Frontiers in Physiology 2019
Reported study details
Comprehensive review · Multiple disease states
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
5Fighting Against Depression with TREK-1 BlockersPep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: The review describes rapid behavioral and neurogenesis effects in preclinical spadin experiments; comparison with antidepressant onset is not a human trial.
Reported population / model
Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2019
Reported study details
Review of Spadin research
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
6Shortened Spadin Analogs Display Better TREK-1 InhibitionPep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: The source reports stronger channel inhibition and longer animal effects for shortened analogues; four-day treatment increased neurogenesis markers.
Reported population / model
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2017
Reported study details
In vitro and in vivo studies · Mice models
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
7Spadin: A Sortilin-Derived Peptide Targeting TREK-1 ChannelsPep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: Parent spadin produced CREB and hippocampal-neurogenesis changes in animal depression models; this is not direct clinical PE-22-28 evidence.
Reported population / model
PLOS Biology 2010
Reported study details
Original spadin discovery · Multiple depression models
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
8TREK-1 Deletion Results in Depression-Resistant PhenotypePep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: TREK-1 knockout mice showed altered stress/depression-like behaviors and serotonin signaling; genetic deletion is not a tested human therapy.
Reported population / model
Nature Neuroscience 2006
Reported study details
TREK-1 knockout mice · Behavioral and electrophysiology
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
9Shortened Spadin Analogs Display Better TREK-1 Inhibition, In Vivo Stability and Antidepressant ActivityPep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: The source reports stronger channel inhibition and longer animal effects for shortened analogues; four-day treatment increased neurogenesis markers.
Reported population / model
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2017
Reported study details
In vitro and in vivo studies · Mice models
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
10Spadin targeting rodent TREK-1 channels: new antidepressant drug designPep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: Parent spadin produced CREB and hippocampal-neurogenesis changes in animal depression models; this is not direct clinical PE-22-28 evidence.
Reported population / model
PLOS Biology 2010
Reported study details
Original spadin discovery · Multiple depression models
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
11Deletion of background potassium channel TREK-1 produces depression-resistant phenotypePep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: TREK-1 knockout mice showed altered stress/depression-like behaviors and serotonin signaling; genetic deletion is not a tested human therapy.
Reported population / model
Nature Neuroscience 2006
Reported study details
TREK-1 knockout mice · Behavioral and electrophysiology
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
12Fighting against depression with TREK-1 blockers: a focus on spadinPep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: The review describes rapid behavioral and neurogenesis effects in preclinical spadin experiments; comparison with antidepressant onset is not a human trial.
Reported population / model
Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2019
Reported study details
Review of Spadin research
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
13Spadin selectively antagonizes arachidonic acid activation of TREK-1 channelsPep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: Spadin-related compounds selectively interfered with arachidonic-acid activation of TREK-1; mechanism does not establish clinical tolerability.
Reported population / model
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2020
Reported study details
Mechanism of action study
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
14Role of TREK-1 in Health and Disease, Focus on CNSPep-Pedia report · Primary source not checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Pep-Pedia reports: The review describes TREK-1 roles in mood, pain, neuroprotection and anesthesia; target biology is not proof of peptide-treatment efficacy.
Reported population / model
Frontiers in Physiology 2019
Reported study details
Comprehensive review · Multiple disease states
Reported by Pep-Pedia; the linked publication, design, doses and result have not been independently verified here.
Read the Pep-Pedia report ↗Pep-Pedia reference card; original summary of its reported findings · Checked 2026-10-12
15Blocking TREK-1 inhibits A1-like reactive astrocytes through NF-kB in rat depression modelLinked reference · Not independently reviewed
REFERENCE NOTE
Reference retained from Pep-Pedia’s bibliography; findings and bibliographic accuracy have not been independently verified.
Pep-Pedia bibliography · Checked 2026-10-12
16Pep-Pedia: PE-22-28 (Mini-Spadin) — route-specific referenceReference page checked; underlying claims require separate verification.Community source checked
AI-PREPARED SUMMARY
Source page checked across available routes. Protocols, cycles, storage, mechanisms and pairing claims are secondary reports; checking the page does not independently validate those claims. Original concise summaries are used here.
Content coverage audit · Checked 2026-10-12